In response to the headline question, yes and no... More sprockets allow a somewhat wider gear range while keeping the ratio gaps reasonable, or depending on manufacturers' offerings, can be set up with a really meaty & useful mid-range while keeping the overall spread the same as a setup with fewer sprockets. That said, you still can't get a wide overall range and a properly useful middle without multiple chainrings; you'd need about 16 sprockets to on a 1x to get the mix available on a 3x10...
Then there's the fitting of more gears into a restricted space..... To make them fit, sprockets have to get thinner and closer, and chains narrower to match. Thinner/narrower = less contact area between chain & sprockets, therefore higher point loading which increases wear. Tuning is also more sensitive, even with altered shift ratios that reduce derailleur travel relative to cable pull....